My First Breath of America

John Lawler was the first soul I met on American soil. He stood at his post with the quiet assurance of a man who had seen thousands like me step off planes and into uncertainty. He was in his early thirties, broad-shouldered and solidly built, his sandy hair neatly trimmed, his blue-and-white uniform so crisp it seemed to hold its own posture. The brass badge at his chest caught the fluorescent light, and beneath it, a nameplate gleamed — John — engraved in clean, unyielding letters, as if authority itself had been stamped into metal.

“Passport?” he asked, not so much a question as a command.

I was ready. With steady hands, I offered him the bundle I had rehearsed presenting a dozen times during the long flight: my passport with its visa stamped inside, and a large sealed envelope entrusted to me by the American Embassy in Mogadishu. Each document I had arranged with meticulous care, as though order itself might testify to my worthiness. He flipped through them briskly, his eyes darting back and forth between my photograph and my face. With each glance, my confidence ebbed. I began to wonder, absurdly, if I had changed so much in the past twenty-four hours — the long layover in Europe, the anxious night of no sleep — that my face no longer resembled the one frozen in ink.

“What is the purpose of your visit?” he demanded, his voice clipped, official.

That was the easy part. I had rehearsed it like a schoolboy memorizing a lesson.

“I am visiting my uncle and his family,” I said brightly, as though the cheer in my tone might soften his gaze. “I also plan to look at some graduate schools, so that when I return to Somalia I can apply for a student visa.”

No flicker of recognition, no softening. His eyes, a pale, steely blue, remained cold, almost surgical in their scrutiny.

“How much money are you bringing into the country?”

“Sixty-four dollars,” I answered truthfully. “But my uncle will take care of my expenses — he invited me here, and even paid part of my ticket.”

Still no change.

“How long do you intend to stay?”

“Eight months, I hope.”

“Is someone meeting you at the airport?”

“Yes. My uncle is away at a conference, but he sent someone to pick me up.”

The exchange should have ended there. My answers were precise and honest. Yet Inspector Lawler’s suspicion did not abate. His lips tightened; his eyes narrowed further. At last, he snapped: “Follow me.”

Without explanation, he unlocked a door that led to a small, sterile room, the kind where the walls seem oppressive in their plainness. White walls, two chairs, a metal table, and an overhead fluorescent light that hummed and flickered, casting shadows that deepened the silence.

“Sit down,” he ordered.

I obeyed.

He asked for my luggage tags, and I handed him both without a word. When he disappeared, the silence that followed pressed against me. I sat alone in the small, airless room, my mind looping through every possible mistake — what had I done, what could have gone wrong? The walls seemed to close in, heavy with the stale scent of old carpet and disinfectant. Minutes dragged until nearly an hour later, the door opened with a metallic click.

He entered carrying my two bags, his expression unreadable, his movements brisk and deliberate. Without a word or even glancing at me, he placed the bags on the table and began his search. His hands — large, fleshy, mechanical — moved with a practiced precision, burrowing through my belongings. Shirts, pants, underwear, socks — each item lifted, shaken, scrutinized as though even the most ordinary fabric might betray me. I watched helplessly, my heart thudding against my ribs, shame and fear tangled together.

Then his hand paused. From the corner of one bag, he pulled out a folded sheet of paper. He unfolded it slowly, the rustle of the page slicing through the silence. His mouth tightened, and his eyes narrowed as he read the delicate handwriting — each line, each curve of ink suddenly charged with meaning I hadn’t intended.

“What is this?” he asked.

“A letter,” I replied, my throat tightening. “From a friend.”

“What does it say?”

“How are you, good luck, and Goodbye.”

“And what else?”

I met his eyes, forcing steadiness into my voice. “That’s all.”

The words sounded almost pitiful in the airless room. A letter from a friend, reduced to an object of scrutiny, its simple kindness recast as potential evidence.

And in that moment, I realized my first encounter in America was not a greeting, not a handshake, not even a pleasantry. It was an interrogation.

He fixed me with a glare so sharp it seemed to pierce through more than my luggage — it was as though his eyes were searching for the secrets of my very being. His hands, unhurried, began to dismantle the careful order of my belongings. First came the brochures from American universities, their glossy pages shimmering with the promise of futures I had dared to dream. Then, with a practiced indifference, he unfolded my transcript, the fragile paper I had packed alongside relics of my family’s history: my mother caught in the soft light of her teenage years, my sister posed stiffly in her school uniform, my father frozen in the stern dignity of his military garb, my grandfather’s face — etched with time and silence — captured decades earlier in Aden and Hargeisa.

I had believed that transcript would be my passport to pride, a testament to nights spent hunched over books beneath the weary glow of a lantern, the marks on its pages proof of my persistence. Instead, in his hands, it became another artifact of suspicion — my undoing rather than my salvation.

I had imagined my entry into America as mechanical, boring in its bureaucracy: the orderly shuffle of papers, a stamp pressed into a passport, a nod that signaled entry. I thought arrival would be. But as his fingers rifled through my belongings, I realized he was not looking for what I carried, but for who I was. His search lacked curiosity, as though he expected intention itself to be smuggled between the folds of my clothes.

Then came the voice — sharp, cutting, designed to rattle.

“What is the purpose of your visit to America?” he demanded, the harsh fluorescent light overhead carving his face into a mask of interrogation.

“To visit my uncle, Dr. Hussein Bulhan,” I replied, forcing steadiness into my voice though unease fluttered beneath. “He was a professor at Boston University and now the president of a health care company in the city.” I offered the details eagerly, as if his credentials might open a hidden door, a route of escape. I hoped the officer might be softened by the weight of my uncle’s stature.

I spoke clearly, without the defiance that might have invited more suspicion. My documents were flawless: a valid visa, a round-trip ticket. I arrived buoyant with hope. Yet, in that sterile room under his unrelenting gaze, I felt stripped of this innocence. I was no longer a traveler, not even a guest — I was a suspect.

For a fleeting moment, I wondered if this was how America receives those who come from Africa. Yet I persuaded myself otherwise — that this was merely the American way: stern but fair, rigorous without prejudice. I wanted to believe that every newcomer endured this ritual. Only later did I understand what others had long known — that for people who bore names like mine, who carried with them the dust of certain faraway places, arrival in America was less a greeting than a gauntlet. A valid visa might guarantee entry, but it could not purchase dignity.

Without warning, Inspector Lawler turned and left, the door clicking shut with a finality that echoed louder than any shout. The silence he left behind pressed down upon me, heavy and suffocating. Alone in that bare walled room, its corners darkened by shadows, its ceiling bulbs flickering with a weary hum — I felt time lose all shape. For the first time in years I allowed myself to feel.

Tears welled, hot and swift, and slid down my face before I could stop them. Not the racking sobs of surrender, but the quick, scalding tears that betray a man before he can gather himself. Even that small release felt dangerous, a crack in the armor I had forged in Somalia, where survival had taught us that emotions were a luxury. There, I had learned to hold back grief, to deny tears even when staring into the black mouth of a barrel, even when carrying wounds that bled long after the flesh had closed.

In that sterile room that was all I knew of America, I realized what my culture had stolen from me: the right to weep without shame. Here, for a brief moment, the tears flowed, threatening to become swift and unstoppable. But I mastered them at once, forcing them back into exile. For an instant, I was on the verge of rebellion — against despair, against the weight of silence itself. My very restraint became its own defiance.

Sitting in the land I had dreamed about for so long, I discovered that the hardest borders were not marked by fences or lines on a map. They were thresholds of truth, gateways into lessons no one had prepared me for.

This was not the America I had dreamed of. But it was the America I had arrived in.

Lost in the labyrinth of my own thoughts, I almost failed to notice the echo of Inspector Lawler’s shoes striking the linoleum corridor. The sound approached like a slow drumbeat of judgment, each step announcing his return. I straightened in my chair, forcing my body into the shape of composure, arranging my face into what I hoped was calm authority, though beneath my skin uncertainty flickered like a restless flame.

“Who is coming to meet you at the airport?” he demanded again, his voice flat, insistent, as if repetition might wring a different truth from me.

“My uncle, Dr. Bulhan, is in Washington, D.C. for a conference,” I replied. “Perhaps he will send my cousin Mohamed — or someone else.” I could not fathom why he lingered so obsessively on this question, why my answer was insufficient.

In Somali families, such precision mattered little. Our lives flowed through kinship like water through desert channels, endlessly branching and reconnecting. No one traveled alone. If one relative promised assistance, it was as though the entire clan had pledged its hand. Growing up, we were taught to bend to the wishes of our elders — uncles, aunts, even distant kin. Their word was not suggestion but decree, and to obey was not merely courtesy but the very essence of belonging.

Perhaps this sense of collective duty was born of our nomadic heritage. In the dust-swept plains of our country, a stranger might appear at your threshold, weary from travel, and be welcomed without hesitation. He could stay days or weeks, sheltered and fed. Hospitality was not a matter of generosity; it was a sacred trust. And if such obligations held in a land of scarcity, where families lived on rice, meat, milk, and little else, how much greater must they be in America, a country of abundance? Yet soon enough, I would discover that in this new world a person was measured not by kinship ties or the herds that sustained him, but by the solitary yardsticks of wealth and career.

In Somali culture, identity is inseparable from clan. It is shield and burden, pride and prison. To be born into a clan is to inherit both protection and responsibility. Should misfortune strike, it is your kin who respond, much like an insurance policy written in blood and obligation. Disputes are resolved not by faceless institutions but by clan elders who embody the law itself — judges, governors, lawmakers bound together in one human figure. Clan is the safety net beneath every fall, the anchor of one’s name, the story of one’s lineage.

For this reason, it never occurred to me that my uncle’s absence at the airport could be a problem. What I did not yet understand was that, in Inspector Lawler’s world, families were mosaics of individuals, each free to choose his own path, to refuse even an elder’s command. In my world, such independence was unthinkable, even a kind of betrayal.

“And how do you expect to live on sixty-four dollars and no job?” His voice sharpened, like the strike of a whip.

I explained again that my uncle would provide for me. Yet my assurance carried no weight. Lawler’s eyes narrowed, and with a soldier’s pivot he turned and marched out, leaving me once more in the barren room. Only years later would I grasp the truth behind his suspicion: in America, family was no guarantee of rescue. To him, I was not a nephew awaiting his uncle but a stranger adrift, a naïve foreigner with pockets nearly empty.

What I could not understand then was his fixation on money. Sixty-four dollars — what was that to me? Survival had never been tethered to paper currency. In the true nomadic culture of our people, where the majority made their lives, wealth was never tallied in coins or paper but in living things — hoofed and breathing, grazing beneath the boundless sun and multiplying with the rhythm of the seasons. Goats, cows, sheep, and camels were our currency, the purest measure of sustenance, survival, and honor. Our fortunes rose and fell with the sky. Rain meant abundance; grass sprang green, herds fattened, families flourished. Drought meant ruin; animals withered, children starved, nomads wandered in despair. That was our bear market.

Did Inspector Lawler know anything of camels? To Somalis, camels are the bluest of blue-chip stock: enduring, resilient, the ultimate measure of wealth. It is estimated 60% of the world’s domesticated camels are in East Africa, where the worth of a life itself is calculated in camels. When blood is spilled, the price of restitution is counted not in coins but in these majestic animals. Camels are more than beasts of burden — they are property, prestige, and promise; they are the very grammar of Somali existence.

My grandfather made sure I never forgot this truth. Each school holiday, he took me back to the life of the nomad, insisting that I carry the weight of tradition in my own young hands. At the age of five, I was given lambs and goats to tend. At dawn, I drove them into the fields; at dusk, I brought them home, weary from chasing away foxes and hyenas. The air was always clean, the silence of the land broken only by the occasional bird call or the steady chewing of teeth on dry stalks. On the horizon, mountains rose like ancient guardians, and between them stretched a wilderness of thorn-bush and endless sky. Meals were meager: rice and milk once a day. Water was precious, fetched from wells miles away. At night, I lay under the stars with the men and boys, the women and children safe inside the huts.

My grandfather believed these lessons would carve strength into me, and perhaps they did. Those lonely days bred courage and discipline, and they also gave me space to dream beyond the flocks, beyond mere survival. “Look at your father,” my grandfather told me. “He worked hard. You can do better.” His words were both challenge and benediction.

My mother, too, stoked my ambition with stories of my uncle Hussein in America. He lived in a house so large it could swallow half my school. He owned shirts enough to outnumber the days of a year. “Even ordinary Americans live like chiefs,” she would say. Her voice carried both wonder and command: study hard, for education had carried Dr. Bulhan to this land of promise, and perhaps it might one day carry me as well.

So I did. I devoured English through the crackling radio of Voice of America. I read every newspaper I could find, even those discarded as wrapping for vegetables. I sat in the consulate lobby in Mogadishu, watching American television flicker across the screen — Sixty Minutes, CNN, ABC. I lost myself in the rhythms of disco, Bob Marley’s reggae refrains, and the glamour of films where skyscrapers gleamed like dreams solidified into steel.

I wrote to my uncle, Dr. Hussein Bulhan, in Boston, telling him of my progress and ambitions. When I spoke to him on the phone, and he confirmed he was ready for my arrival, my heart soared. He even paid the $690 for my ticket, a fortune to me. It seemed my long-held dreams were finally unfolding.

* * *

One month and a half before I encountered John Lawler at Boston Logan Airport, in the last days of July 1989, I had risen in Mogadishu before dawn, the city still wrapped in darkness, to make my way to the United States Embassy. By the time I arrived at five in the morning, the street outside the Embassy was already alive with humanity. Families had slept on the pavement, curled in blankets, hundreds of us stood there, caught in that strange twilight of hope and desperation. Each of us clutched a story, polished and rehearsed, knowing that our fates rested on the unpredictable mercy of an interview.

The sun bore down mercilessly that morning, but its heat was nothing compared to the nervous fire in our chests. In front of me stood an elderly woman bound for Atlanta, where her son’s wedding awaited her blessing. Behind me, a young couple cradled a fragile child whose rare illness could only be treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering, a name that sounded to me less like a hospital than a citadel of miracles. Standing shoulder to shoulder with strangers, I learned not just about cancer research, but about the universal currency of longing — for health, for family, for opportunity, for life itself.

When people asked me why I was there, I answered with the confidence of someone whose dream felt larger than fear. “I am going to Boston,” I said, “I will stay with my uncle and also visit graduate schools.” The words rolled off my tongue like an incantation, and those who heard them blessed me with their smiles and good wishes.

It was not until two in the afternoon that my name was finally called. By then, the hours of waiting had pressed down on me like a stone. The line outside had thinned; some applicants shuffled away in silence, their dreams denied, while others emerged with faces alight, clutching a passport stamped with possibility. I entered the interview room with my heart pounding against my ribs, every step weighted with years of yearning.

Behind the glass partition stood a tall white man, the keeper of my destiny. Beside him stood an older Somali man, his translator. As the consular officer leafed through my application and realized I needed no translation, he addressed me directly, introducing himself as a graduate of Boston College. In that moment, fortune — at last weary of tormenting me — tilted its gaze in my favor. Boston — the word itself a beacon. When I spoke of my uncle, the graduate schools I hoped to visit, and the city whose streets I had memorized in daydreams, something in his expression shifted. His eyes, once impassive, softened with a flicker of recognition, as if I had whispered the name of an old friend.

I saw it in the way his gaze lingered with a kind of nostalgia, as though my words had tugged him back to his youth, to carefree days of autumn leaves along Commonwealth Avenue, the laughter of classmates, the steady rhythm of lectures and ambitions still unburdened by experience. The lines at the corners of his eyes deepened, not from suspicion but from memory.

Then he smiled — not the bureaucratic smile of an officer performing his duty, but something conspiratorial, a shared secret between two dreamers separated by glass and circumstance. I felt the tide turn. The air in the room lightened.

And then came the words that carved themselves into my memory like scripture: “You will love it there.”

In those five words, a door swung open. I felt joy so sudden and fierce I wanted to leap across the glass to embrace the man who had, in a single sentence, transformed my future. But the Embassy’s barriers held firm — steel and glass between us. I contained myself while inside me the world erupted in celebration.

I left the room feather-light, my breath trembling with relief. Outside, I caught a bus and rushed first to my father, then to Uncle Ahmed Esse, carrying the astonishing news: I was bound for America. Their eyes glistened with unspoken pride, their faces illuminated by emotions too vast for words. In Mogadishu, a U.S. visa was rarer than rain in the dry season. Out of more than a hundred hopefuls that day, fewer than five were granted passage. I was among them.

The weeks that followed were a blur of celebration. Friends and relatives competed to host farewell meals, lunches and dinners spill over into breakfasts. My days became an endless carousel of embraces, blessings, and goodbyes. Beneath the laughter and feasting, though, I carried the quiet tremor of anticipation — the knowledge that I was leaving not only a place but a life, and stepping into another that was vast and uncharted.

“You are getting out just in time,” my father said, the gravity of his voice pressing against my chest. He wrung his hands as though he could squeeze the dread out of them, then leaned forward to kiss my cheek with a tenderness that belied the worry in his eyes. His blessing was both farewell and warning, uttered in the shadows of a country unraveling.

By then, Somalia was already splitting along its fragile seams. In the north, my Isaaq clan had become the target of Siad Barre’s brutal campaign. Towns were shelled, villages razed, lives uprooted. Yet in Mogadishu, where I lived, the veneer of normalcy held. The markets still hummed with bargaining voices, classrooms buzzed with lessons, weddings rang with laughter and music. If one squinted hard enough, it was possible to believe the storm gathering in the north would never reach us.

But my father knew better. He carried the unshakable certainty that violence did not respect boundaries. I, meanwhile, was young, wrapped in the cocoon of school, work, and friendships, eager to see the shimmer of another horizon.

From Mogadishu Airport, I boarded a Somali Airlines flight bound for Frankfurt. As the plane climbed above the city, I peered down at the Halane training camp, where every Somali youth was conscripted after high school for three months of military training before beginning university. It was a reminder that our education was never free of the shadow of war. From above, the barracks looked small, almost fragile, yet I knew how large they loomed for those whose lives passed through them.

The city fell away beneath me, and with it, the world I had known. I felt the pull of two lives — the turbulence of the one I was leaving behind and the uncertainty of the one ahead.

Five years earlier, I had been standing in that very camp, gazing up at the sky as planes crossed overhead, my imagination tethered to their roar. Each thunderous passing filled me with longing so fierce it bordered on prayer. I dreamed of being in flight, bound for America — a place I pictured glistening with wide boulevards and endless streams of oversized cars, houses so vast they could swallow whole Mogadishu neighborhoods, and universities that stretched like entire cities of learning. I thought life there must be effortless, luxurious, abundant.

And then, improbably, I was no longer dreaming but flying. From Mogadishu to Frankfurt, and then on Lufthansa Flight 422 to Boston, I sat wide-eyed by the window, unable to surrender to sleep. For nearly twenty-four hours, I drank in the restless shifting of clouds, rivers twisting like braids of silver, vast stretches of land unfolding in endless mosaics. From the air, the world seemed paradoxical: startlingly small yet unbearably immense, stretching beyond comprehension.

But just as my dream was crystallizing into reality, it began to fracture. Inspector John Lawless stood between me and America, his questions sharp, his authority absolute. In Somalia, I had believed my fate was bound to my own effort. But here, on the cusp of a new life, I found myself at the mercy of a stranger in uniform.

I could already smell America — its antiseptic bathrooms, its polished corridors — yet Lawless threatened to sign a paper that would send me hurtling back across the ocean. I did not yet know the truth every immigrant learns: that on American shores, arrival itself is a trial. Immigration officers hold extraordinary powers, capable of undoing years of hope and effort with the flick of a pen. Securing the visa in Mogadishu had seemed like the greatest hurdle, but the journey did not end with the crossing of oceans — it began at the border.

For nearly four hours, I sat in that sterile holding space under the fluorescent gaze of Inspector Lawless, each minute gnawing at my resolve. I was exhausted, bewildered, and afraid. Would I be deported before setting foot on American soil? Would the dream dissolve before I could even touch it?

I told myself I could endure anything — even a night curled on an airport couch — if it meant he would let me pass. But deep down I felt the familiar edge of uncertainty that comes when fate dangles your future over a precipice. My drifting between daydream and dread was broken by the sudden return of the inspector, his presence filling the room like a storm cloud. He lowered himself into the chair, leaned back, and fixed me with an unyielding gaze. At last, in a voice stripped of sympathy, he pronounced his judgment.

“I know what your deal is,” he said coldly. “You came here to stay. But without the proper resident visa, I have no choice but to deport you. When you get the right visa, you may return — anytime you wish.”

The words struck me like a blow to the chest. A few hours earlier, I had been the luckiest man in my family, chosen among the rare few to hold an American visa. Now I was reduced to the unluckiest man in the customs line, staring at the sudden collapse of my dream.

He went on, relentless:

“If you decide not to accept deportation today, I will refer your case to an Immigration Judge. And remember — if the judge rules for deportation, you cannot come back to the United States for at least two years.”

I swallowed hard. Perhaps he had misunderstood me, perhaps my English had faltered. I tried one last time, desperate to peel back the misunderstanding.

“I am not planning to live here,” I said carefully, measuring each word. “I am not immigrating. I came only to visit.”

His remained merciless.

“I have to deport you.”

The fatigue of the long flight still clung to my body, and now the exhaustion of this interrogation pressed down heavier than any luggage. A fire rose in me — quiet but firm. “I would like to see the judge,” I said at last, my voice steadier than I felt. “If I must go, let me go after hearing it from a man more reasonable than you. Why do you think I endured that long flight, spent all that money, and crossed an ocean — only to accept deportation without even a fight?”

“Okay,” he said flatly, as if tired of the game himself.

Uncertainty filled me then. Would he lock me up until the judge’s hearing? Would I be left in some holding cell behind the bright facades of this spotless airport? Strangely, I did not mind the thought. Logan was immaculate, quiet, almost inviting compared to the dusty terminals I had known. Perhaps I would simply wait, and in the meantime my uncle — once back from his conference — might intervene on my behalf.

Out of that swirl of desperation emerged a single, reckless idea — a gamble. At times, vulnerability itself can be the sharpest weapon, the hidden path to triumph. I cannot say where the thought arose — from exhaustion that stripped away fear, or from a courage born only when necessity leaves no other choice.

“You know I am very exhausted,” I told him. “Why don’t you keep my passport and my other documents — my transcripts, my diploma certificates — and let me go until I see the judge. After all, I came here with a proper visa. I did not enter illegally.”

For the first time, he hesitated. “Let me get back to you,” he muttered, and walked away.

As I waited, hope crept in. Perhaps he was speaking with a supervisor, perhaps someone higher up would recognize my logic. I had offered him an escape route — he could keep my documents as collateral, and I could face a judge. I clung to that fragile thread, telling myself that opportunity often arrived disguised as misfortune.

When Inspector Lawler returned, his face was unreadable. “You’re free to go,” he said at last. “But I’ll keep your passport and your other documents. Within ninety days, you’ll receive a letter for your court hearing.”

I felt numb and unmoored, as if my body had left the ground. Still, I had crossed the gate. And there, waiting beyond the glass, stood my cousin Mohamed Ali Baranbaro, and beside him, his friends Abdulhamid Yussuf and Abdurrahman Dhegaweyne — faithful, patient, unwavering. Inspector Lawler had already interrogated them to test my story, but they had waited through the long hours nonetheless. I thanked them over and over, my words tumbling out with gratitude, and they ushered me into the front seat of Abdirahman’s car, as if baptizing me into Boston with the city’s very best view.

When we slipped into the Sumner Tunnel, I could scarcely believe what my eyes beheld: we were driving beneath the sea. I asked them more than once if this was truly the case, for the very notion seemed impossible. Awe gripped me, and in that instant my mind drifted back to the journeys of my youth — those returns to Burco or Hargeisa after long summers in the countryside, riding atop lumbering Japanese trucks with twenty villagers and a chorus of bleating goats, all of us balanced on sacks of rice and sugar, hemmed in by a rough wooden fence. Then, it was dust and sun that kept me company. Now, it was wonder, for Boston offered marvels beyond comparison, almost beyond belief.

For a moment, I forgot the anguish of the airport. I sat cocooned in the front seat of a gray American Buick, a vessel of luxury, its leather supple, its engine thrumming like some slumbering beast. Music spilled from the radio, and with a flick of fingers my companions leapt from station to station — a dozen voices, a dozen melodies — while in Somalia there had been only two: Radio Mogadishu and Radio Hargeisa.

When the car burst from the tunnel’s darkness, Boston unfurled before me in a blaze of light: streets jeweled with neon, towers gleaming against the night sky. The city pulsed — restless, radiant, alive — like a dream too vivid to be believed, a scene I had known only from the movies.

In that instant, I felt I had crossed not only an ocean but a threshold into another world — one shimmering with promise, dizzying in its vastness, and impossibly, undeniably real.



Image by Soly Moses on pexels.com, licensed under CC 2.0.

Dr. Jamal Ali Hussein
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